COLLOCATION

A collocation is a familiar grouping of words, especially words that habitually appear together and thereby convey meaning by association.

“a pair or group of words that are habitually juxtaposed” atau dua atau lebih kata-kata yang sering digunakan bersama untuk membentuk satu kesatuan makna. Kombinasi ini bagi Native Speaker tidaklah begitu asing karena sering digunakan.

Example :

make the bed -> I need to make the bed everyday.
do the homework -> My son does his homework after dinner.
take a risk -> Some people don't take enough risks in life.
give someone advice -> The teacher gave us some advice on taking tests.

These collocations are used for specific situations in business:

open an account -> Would you like to open an account at our bank?
forgive a debt -> Do you think the bank would forgive a debt?
land a deal -> We landed a deal worth $3 million.
receive a discount -> If you buy three computers you'll receive a discount.

Verb Collocations

These sheets provide a matching game with some of the most common verb + noun collocations used in everyday situations. Here are some examples of the types of verb collocations you will learn:

to feel free
to come prepared
to save time
to find a replacement
to make progress
to do the washing up
etc.

References :

grammar.about.com › ... › Cacography - Cut Spelling

esl.about.com/od/.../a/collocations.htm

Synonym, Antonym, and Hyponym

Synonym, Antonym, and Hyponym

Synonym

Is the state or phenomenon in which the words that sound different, but have the same or identical meaning, as another word or phrase.

Examples:

small - little
big - large
mother and father – parents

Antonyms

 Antonyms are words that have opposite meanings. For example, the antonym of long is short. Often words will have more than one antonym but as with synonyms it depends on the context. For instance, the word warm could have the antonym cool or chilly. In order to choose the correct antonym, you have to look at all the meanings and how the word is used. Cool can mean stylish as well as chilly so the word cool may not be the best choice.

Types of Antonyms

1.      Graded antonyms are word pairs that have variations between the two opposites. For example, big and little are antonyms but there are a lot of changes before you get to the opposite meaning. Like this:

Big, huge, bulky, full-size, slight, petite, little Other examples are:

a.       Sane and crazy

b.      Rich and poor

c.       Cool and hot

d.      Wet and dry

e.       Late and early

f.       Ignorant and educated

2.      Relational antonyms are pairs that have a relationship. Each word wouldn’t exist without the other. There can’t be a parent without a child or it’s either all or nothing. Other examples include:

a.       Servant and master

b.      Borrow and lend

c.       Come and go

d.      Toward and away

e.       Divisor and dividend

f.       Parent and child

Hyponym

 Is the state or phenomenon that shows  the relationship  between more general term, ( lexical representation) and the more specific instances for it.

Examples:
- red, yellow, green, blue, purple, black is ( color ).
Thus we can say that: " red " is  a hyponym of " color " and so on.
- clarinet, guitar, piano, trumpet, violin, are hyponyms because they are " musical instruments " but there is not a single word meaning  " musical instrument " that has these  words as its 

 

References

ekarisqilatul.blogspot.com/.../synonym-antonym-...

conceptsinsemantics.weebly.com/synonym-anton...

www.infobarrel.com › Lifestyle › Education

METAPHOR, SIMILE, AND  SYMBOL

Metaphor Definition

Metaphor is a figure of speech which makes an implicit, implied or hidden comparison between two things that are unrelated but share some common characteristics. In other words, a resemblance of two contradictory or different objects is made based on a single or some common characteristics.

What Is a Metaphor?

A metaphor asserts that one thing is something that it literally is not. A metaphor is a figure of speech.comparison not using the word "like" or "as"

Examples

·         Time is money.

·         She froze with fear.

·         She has a bubbly personality.

·         The internet is the information super highway.

What Is a Simile?

A simile is a figure of speech in which one thing is likened to another. This is usually achieved by the use of the word like or as.

·         a comparison using "like" or "as"

·         She is as sweet as pie.

·         The street felt as hot as the surface of the sun.

·         This pudding is as smooth as silk.

Symbol

  

Mark, sign, or word that indicates, signifies, or is understood as representing an idea, object, or relationship. Symbols allow people to go beyond what is known or seen by creating linkages between otherwise very different concepts and experiences. All communication (and data processing) is achieved though the use of symbol.

EXAMPLE

• The dove is a symbol of peace

• A red rose or red color stands for love or romance.

• Black is a symbol that represents evil or death.

• A ladder may stand as a symbol for a connection between the heaven and the earth.

•A broken mirror may symbolize separation

References

literarydevices.net/metaphor/

https://quizlet.com/.../simile-metaphor-personifica...

www.businessdictionary.com/definition/symbol.ht...